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鈦陽極上(shang)的(de)金屬(shu)氧化物(wu)涂(tu)層的(de)作(zuo)用是什么？

發布時間：2024-02-26 15:37:07 丨 瀏覽次數：

　　鈦陽極(ji)就是鈦基(ji)金(jin)屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)涂層中的(de)(de)(de)陽極(ji)。根據(ju)其表(biao)面催化(hua)(hua)涂層不(bu)同分別(bie)具(ju)有析氧功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)、析氯功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)。一(yi)(yi)般電(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)料要具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，極(ji)距(ju)變化(hua)(hua)小(xiao)，耐腐蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)強，機械(xie)強度和加工(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)好，壽命長，費用(yong)低(di)(di)(di)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)反(fan)應具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，目前(qian)鈦是Z能(neng)(neng)滿(man)足以上綜合(he)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)，一(yi)(yi)般采用(yong)工(gong)業純鈦TA1\TA2 鈦陽極(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)涂層的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是：電(dian)(dian)阻率低(di)(di)(di)，具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(鈦本身導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)好)，貴金(jin)屬(shu)涂層的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學組(zu)成(cheng)穩定(ding)，晶體(ti)結構穩定(ding)，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)尺(chi)寸(cun)穩定(ding)，耐蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，壽命長，具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，有利(li)于降低(di)(di)(di)析氧、析氯反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)位，節約電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。

　　1、鈦陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)作壽命長，隔膜法生產氯堿工(gong)業中，金屬陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)耐(nai)氯和堿的腐蝕，陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)壽命己達(da)6年以上，而石墨陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)僅(jin)為8個月。

　　2、可克服石墨陽極和鉛陽極溶(rong)解問(wen)題(ti)，避(bi)免(mian)對電(dian)解液和陰極產物的污染，因而(er)可提高金屬(shu)產品純度(du)。

　　3、可(ke)提高(gao)(gao)電流密(mi)度。隔膜法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)氯堿中，石(shi)墨陽極(ji)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)電流密(mi)度為8A/dm2，鈦(tai)陽極(ji)可(ke)成倍(bei)地增加，達17A/dm2，這樣在(zai)電解廠(chang)房(fang)、電解槽相同的(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)，產(chan)(chan)量可(ke)增加1倍(bei)，提高(gao)(gao)了單槽生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能力，有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)地提高(gao)(gao)了勞動(dong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效(xiao)(xiao)率。在(zai)高(gao)(gao)工(gong)作(zuo)電流密(mi)度下(xia)進行電解時，使(shi)用鈦(tai)陽極(ji)比(bi)較適宜(yi)。

　　4、由于采(cai)用(yong)了金屬陽極，氯(lv)(lv)(lv)酸鹽(yan)電(dian)解槽(cao)的高溫、高電(dian)流密度操作成為可能(neng)。金屬陽極的采(cai)用(yong)使(shi)電(dian)解槽(cao)構造(zao)得以改善，降(jiang)低了電(dian)能(neng)消耗，加快了次氯(lv)(lv)(lv)酸鹽(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)氣(qi)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)酸鹽(yan)的化學反應，從(cong)而(er)提(ti)高了生(sheng)(sheng)產性能(neng)。

　　5、采用(yong)(yong)(yong)了DSA，水(shui)銀法(fa)(fa)及(ji)隔(ge)膜法(fa)(fa)食鹽電(dian)解(jie)(jie)槽的(de)(de)設計概念和(he)操(cao)作條件(jian)得(de)以(yi)改進，能耗得(de)以(yi)降(jiang)低(di)。DSA低(di)的(de)(de)過電(dian)位(wei)特性，電(dian)極(ji)間表面(mian)及(ji)電(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)氣泡容易排除(chu)，是金屬(shu)陽(yang)極(ji)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)槽槽電(dian)壓降(jiang)低(di)的(de)(de)重要原因(yin)。 由于(yu)鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji) 具有很(hen)多優點，它(ta)的(de)(de)開發使(shi)氯(lv)堿工業取得(de)很(hen)大經濟效益，因(yin)此很(hen)快便(bian)在世界(jie)各地推廣使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。氯(lv)堿生產能力，全世界(jie)約4100萬噸/年(nian)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)不小于(yu)70%，鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)被(bei)譽(yu)為氯(lv)堿工業一項(xiang)重大技術*屏蔽的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵字*。隨后，鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)在許多電(dian)解(jie)(jie)工業中也得(de)到(dao)廣泛的(de)(de)推廣應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

　　6、陽極尺寸穩(wen)定，電解過程中電極間距離不變化，可(ke)保證(zheng)電解操作(zuo)在槽電壓(ya)穩(wen)定情況(kuang)下(xia)進行。

　　7、可避免鉛(qian)陽極變(bian)形后(hou)的短(duan)路問題，因而可提高電流效率。

　　8、鈦陽極重(zhong)量輕(qing)，可(ke)減輕(qing)勞(lao)動強度。

　　9、開關制作容易，可(ke)高精度(du)化。

　　10、工作電壓低，因此電能消耗(hao)小(xiao)，可節省電能消耗(hao)，直流電耗(hao)可降(jiang)低10%～20%。鈦陽極工作電壓低的主要原(yuan)因：

　　1)活(huo)性涂層(ceng)鈦陽極對氯(lv)和氧的(de)過電(dian)位均比較低(di)。鹽水電(dian)解生產(chan)氯(lv)堿(jian)時，鈦陽極對氯(lv)過電(dian)位低(di)，在1A/cm2時比石墨陽極低(di)140mV;

　　2)可降低“氣泡屏蔽效應”，金屬(shu)陽極表(biao)面(mian)生成的(de)氣泡比較(jiao)細小，且脫離(li)迅速，這樣電極間(jian)(jian)充氣度大為(wei)降低，兩極間(jian)(jian)歐(ou)姆降大約為(wei)700mV，氣泡直徑約為(wei)3mm;

　　3)降(jiang)低(di)了陽極結構的電阻(zu);

　　4)縮短了極(ji)間(jian)距離。 20世(shi)紀60年(nian)代，全(quan)世(shi)界食鹽電(dian)解(jie)工業年(nian)耗電(dian)量約(yue)1500億度，使用(yong)金屬陽(yang)極(ji)后(hou)，每(mei)年(nian)可節約(yue)電(dian)能約(yue)3億度。

　　11、氯堿(jian)生產中，使用鈦陽極后，產品質量高(gao)(gao)，*屏蔽的關鍵(jian)字*純(chun)度高(gao)(gao)，不含CO2,堿(jian)濃度高(gao)(gao)，可節(jie)省(sheng)加熱用蒸汽，節(jie)省(sheng)能(neng)源消耗。

　　12、耐腐蝕性強，可(ke)在許多腐蝕性強，有特殊要求的電解介(jie)質(zhi)中(zhong)工作。

　　13、基體金屬鈦(tai)可多次反復使用。

　　14、金屬陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)出(chu)現，使用(yong)氯(lv)堿工業(ye)中近期(qi)涌現出(chu)的(de)Z新離子膜電(dian)解(jie)(jie)技術(shu)得以(yi)設計和(he)實現工業(ye)化。   可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在電(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程中起(qi)補充金屬離子和(he)導(dao)電(dian)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，不(bu)溶(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只起(qi)導(dao)電(dian)作(zuo)用(yong)。Z早的(de)不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是石墨和(he)鉛系陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)世紀70年代鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作(zuo)為新技術(shu)開(kai)始應用(yong)在電(dian)解(jie)(jie)和(he)電(dian)鍍(du)行業(ye)。目前不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為兩大(da)類：析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)用(yong)于氯(lv)化物電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)體(ti)系，電(dian)鍍(du)過程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有*屏(ping)蔽的(de)關(guan)鍵字(zi)*釋放出(chu)來，因(yin)此稱為析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji);析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)用(yong)于硫酸(suan)鹽、硝酸(suan)鹽、氫(qing)氰酸(suan)鹽等電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)體(ti)系，電(dian)鍍(du)過程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有氧(yang)氣釋放出(chu)來，因(yin)此稱為析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛合金陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根據其表面催化涂(tu)層(ceng)不(bu)同分別具有析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)、析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)功(gong)能或二者功(gong)效兼(jian)有。

　　氯堿(jian)工業用(yong)(yong)鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 與石墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)相比，隔(ge)膜法(fa)生產燒堿(jian)，石墨陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為8A/DM2涂層(ceng)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)可(ke)成倍增加，達17A/DM2。這樣在同樣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解環境(jing)下產品(pin)可(ke)成倍提高，而且所生產品(pin)的(de)(de)質量(liang)高，*屏蔽的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵字(zi)*純(chun)度(du)高。   電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)用(yong)(yong)鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)用(yong)(yong)不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)是(shi)在鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)基體 (網狀(zhuang)、板(ban)狀(zhuang)、帶狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)等(deng))上涂覆具(ju)有(you)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)催化(hua)性(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)貴金(jin)屬氧(yang)化(hua)物涂層(ceng)，涂層(ceng)中含有(you)高穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)閥金(jin)屬氧(yang)化(hua)物。新(xin)型不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 具(ju)有(you)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)催化(hua)能，析氧(yang)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位比鉛合金(jin)不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)低約0.5 V，節(jie)能顯著,穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)高,不污染鍍(du)(du)(du)液,重(zhong)量(liang)輕，易(yi)于更換。 新(xin)型不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)析氧(yang)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位也比鍍(du)(du)(du)鉑不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)低，但是(shi)壽命(ming)卻提高1倍以上。廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)中作(zuo)為陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)或者輔助陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)使用(yong)(yong)，可(ke)以替代常規的(de)(de)鉛基合金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji),在相同的(de)(de)條件(jian)下,可(ke)以降低槽電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，節(jie)約電(dian)(dian)(dian)能消耗;不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)過(guo)程中具(ju)有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(化(hua)學(xue)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue))，使用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)長。此陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于鍍(du)(du)(du)鎳鍍(du)(du)(du)金(jin)、鍍(du)(du)(du)鉻、鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅、鍍(du)(du)(du)銅等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)有(you)色金(jin)屬行業.

　　鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及(ji)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)屬(shu)于析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)硫酸(suan)(suan)和硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽，主要用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)冶(ye)金。這種(zhong)(zhong)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)存在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)幾何尺寸會有(you)所變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷。，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)基(ji)體首先轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后再轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)一個中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)層(ceng)(ceng)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)絕(jue)緣體，起著化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)阻擋層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，可(ke)以在硫酸(suan)(suan)環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護內層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)體。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在外層(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)(shi)實際意義(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，上面(mian)發生析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)反應，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位很高，并(bing)且(qie)隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)迅(xun)速上升，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)(zhong)特征是(shi)(shi)由(you)它(ta)外層(ceng)(ceng)物質(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)特點(dian)—氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)良導體所決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此外，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)性能(neng)不(bu)斷衰減，其(qi)(qi)內部應力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生導致氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物一層(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)脫落，另(ling)外，過氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生成(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)導致氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物不(bu)斷溶解(jie)(jie)，作為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)再次被(bei)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外層(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活性物質(zhi)，內層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)體又被(bei)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，形成(cheng)(cheng)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)保(bao)護層(ceng)(ceng)。因此，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)合(he)金元素(su)不(bu)斷溶解(jie)(jie)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)里并(bing)沉淀(dian)(dian)造成(cheng)(cheng)溶液(ye)(ye)污染(溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)沉淀(dian)(dian))和陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)沉積，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)到(dao)銅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)純度不(bu)能(neng)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)得到(dao)保(bao)證)。

　　1、什么是鈦陽極？ 鈦陽極就(jiu)是(shi)鈦基金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)中的(de)(de)陽極。根(gen)據其(qi)表面催化(hua)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)不同分別具(ju)有(you)析氧(yang)功(gong)能、析氯功(gong)能。一(yi)般(ban)電(dian)(dian)極材料要具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)，極距變化(hua)小，耐(nai)腐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)強，機械強度和加(jia)工性(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang)，費(fei)用(yong)低，對電(dian)(dian)極反(fan)應(ying)具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)性(xing)(xing)能，目前鈦是(shi)Z能滿足以上(shang)綜合要求的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)工業純鈦TA1\TA2 鈦陽極上(shang)的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)低，具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)（鈦本身(shen)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能不好(hao)），貴金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)組成(cheng)穩定，晶體結構穩定，電(dian)(dian)極尺寸(cun)穩定，耐(nai)蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang)，具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)性(xing)(xing)能，有(you)利于(yu)降低析氧(yang)、析氯反(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)位，節約電(dian)(dian)能。

　　2、冶金工(gong)業(ye)中(zhong)的陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分可(ke)(ke)溶(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和不溶(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 可(ke)(ke)溶(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)過程中(zhong)起補充金屬離(li)子和導電(dian)(dian)的作用(yong)，不溶(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只起導電(dian)(dian)作用(yong)。Z早的不溶(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是石墨和鉛系陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上世紀(ji)70年代鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)新技術開(kai)始應用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)和電(dian)(dian)鍍行業(ye)。目前不溶(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)兩大類：析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于氯化物電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液體(ti)系，電(dian)(dian)鍍過程中(zhong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)*屏蔽的關鍵字*釋(shi)放出來(lai)，因(yin)此稱(cheng)為(wei)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)；析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)、硝酸鹽(yan)、氫氰(qing)酸鹽(yan)等電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液體(ti)系，電(dian)(dian)鍍過程中(zhong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)氧氣釋(shi)放出來(lai)，因(yin)此稱(cheng)為(wei)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛合金陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根據其表面催化涂(tu)層不同(tong)分別具有(you)析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氧、析(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)氯功能或二(er)者功效兼有(you)。         

        3、鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)  鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)屬于(yu)析氧(yang)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，析氧(yang)反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液為硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽，主要(yao)用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)冶金(jin)(jin)。這種陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)存在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)過程中(zhong)幾何(he)尺(chi)寸(cun)會有所變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷。，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)過程中(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)基體(ti)(ti)(ti)首先(xian)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后再轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)一個中(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，它是(shi)(shi)絕緣體(ti)(ti)(ti)，起著化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學阻擋層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，可以在硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)保護內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)(ti)(ti)。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)(shi)實際(ji)意義上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，上(shang)面發生(sheng)析氧(yang)反應，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)析氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位很高，并且隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加迅速上(shang)升，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這種特征是(shi)(shi)由它外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)物(wu)質氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有特點—氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良導體(ti)(ti)(ti)所決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)過程中(zhong)，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學性能不斷(duan)(duan)衰(shuai)減，其(qi)內部應力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)導致氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)脫落，另外(wai)，過氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)成(cheng)也導致氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)不斷(duan)(duan)溶解(jie)，作為中(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)再次(ci)被轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，成(cheng)為新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活性物(wu)質，內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)(ti)(ti)又被氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，形成(cheng)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)間保護層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。因(yin)此，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)過程中(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及其(qi)合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)元素(su)不斷(duan)(duan)溶解(jie)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液里(li)并沉淀造成(cheng)溶液污染（溶液中(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學沉淀）和(he)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)產物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染（陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)沉積，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)到銅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)純(chun)度不能很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)得到保證(zheng)）。